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Jean-Joseph Marcel (November 24, 1776 – March 11, 1854) was a French printer and engineer. He was also a ''savant'' who accompanied Napoleon's 1798 campaign in Egypt as a member of the Commission des Sciences et des Arts, a corps of 167 technical experts. Marcel was born in Paris, France. During the French Campaign in Egypt, the Rosetta Stone was discovered and transported to Cairo for examination by scholars.〔Adkins, Lesley and Roy, The Keys to Egypt: The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs. p.35 Harper Collins. 2000. ISBN 0-06-019439-1〕 Jean-Joseph Marcel, who was also a gifted linguist, is credited as the first person to recognise that the middle text of the Rosetta Stone, originally guessed to be Syriac, was in fact the Egyptian demotic script, rarely used for stone inscriptions and therefore seldom seen by scholars at that time.〔Parkinson, Richard. ''The Rosetta Stone: British Museum Objects in Focus''. p.27 The British Museum Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-7141-5021-5〕 It was Marcel, along with the artist and inventor Nicolas-Jacques Conté, who figured out a way to use the Stone as a printing block.〔〔Adkins, Lesley and Roy, The Keys to Egypt: The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs. p.38 Harper Collins. 2000. ISBN 0-06-019439-1〕 The prints that were made were circulated to scholars in Europe,〔C. C. Gillispie, "Historical introduction" in C. C. Gillispie, M. Dewachter, edd., ''Monuments of Egypt: the Napoleonic edition'' (Princeton, 1987) pp. 1-38〕 who started the work of translating the texts, which culminated just over 20 years later, when Jean-François Champollion deciphered the Egyptian texts in 1822. When he returned to France, on January 1, 1803, Marcel was appointed the Director of the Imperial Press, where he remained until 1815. In 1805, during a visit by Pope Pius VII, he had the Lord's Prayer printed in one hundred and fifty languages in the Pope's presence.〔A. Taillefer, "Notice historique et biographique sur J.J. Marcel (1776-1854)", ''Revue de l'Orient, de l'Algérie et des colonies;'' obituary, ''Bulletin des actes de la Société orientale, algériene et coloniale de la France'', vol. XVI, October 1854, p. 316-325, both cited by Yves Laissus.〕 At the time of the conquest of Algeria in 1830, he published an Arabic-French dictionary.〔Edouard de Villiers du Terrage, ''Journal et souvenirs sur l'expédition d'Égypte, mis en ordre et publiés par le baron Marc de Villiers du Terrage'', Paris, E. Plon, Nourrit, 1899, et ''L'expédition d'Égypte 1798-1801, Journal et souvenirs d'un jeune savant'', Paris, Cosmopole, 2001 et 2003, p. 373〕 He was made a Chevalier (Knight) of the Legion of Honor for his services to the state. Marcel died in Paris. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jean-Joseph Marcel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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